Singapore Dealer Finance FAQ

Effective Interest Rate (EIR) is the standardised measure of borrowing cost used in Singapore's consumer lending market. Unlike flat rate, which applies a fixed percentage to the original loan principal throughout the tenure, EIR recalculates interest on the remaining outstanding balance after each repayment. Because the principal reduces progressively with each instalment payment, EIR is always higher than the flat rate for the same loan — a 2.5% flat rate on a motor vehicle loan typically corresponds to an EIR of approximately 4.7% to 4.9%. MAS requires all licensed financial institutions to disclose EIR to borrowers, making it the mandatory basis for comparing financing offers across different banks and finance companies in Singapore. Dealers should use EIR rather than flat rate when explaining financing costs to customers to ensure transparency aligned with MAS disclosure requirements.

Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTV) is the regulatory cap on the loan amount a Singapore financial institution may extend relative to the vehicle's purchase price. Under MAS Notice 642 (banks) and MAS Notice 829 (finance companies), the maximum LTV for motor vehicle financing is determined by the vehicle's Open Market Value (OMV): vehicles with OMV above S$20,000 are subject to a maximum LTV of 60%, while vehicles with OMV at or below S$20,000 are subject to a maximum LTV of 70%. The LTV calculation applies to the total purchase price of the vehicle, inclusive of COE, GST, and applicable taxes. For example, a vehicle priced at S$100,000 inclusive of COE with OMV above S$20,000 has a maximum loan amount of S$60,000. LTV limits apply only to MAS-regulated financial institutions — dealer in-house financing arrangements are not subject to these caps.

Certificate of Entitlement (COE) is a mandatory licence issued by Singapore's Land Transport Authority (LTA) that grants the right to own and use a motor vehicle in Singapore for 10 years. COEs are allocated through a fortnightly open bidding system, with prices determined by prevailing demand and supply. COEs are categorised by vehicle type — Category A covers cars with engine capacity up to 1,600cc and power output up to 97kW, Category B covers larger cars, and Category E is an open category usable for any vehicle. For vehicle financing purposes, COE cost is included in the vehicle's total purchase price, which forms the basis for LTV calculations under MAS motor vehicle loan rules. COE prices fluctuate with each bidding round, directly affecting the total purchasable amount and therefore the maximum loanable amount for any given vehicle. Upon expiry of the 10-year COE, owners may renew for a further 5 or 10 years by paying the Prevailing Quota Premium (PQP), which is based on the 3-month moving average of COE prices in the relevant category.